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Table 2 Statistics of difference between gravimetric geoid models and GNSS/leveling geoid heights at 971 benchmarks for EGM2008, JGEOID2008, and this study

From: Refinement of a gravimetric geoid model for Japan using GOCE and an updated regional gravity field model

Area

EGM2008

JGEOID2008

This study

Mean (cm)

SD (cm)

Mean (cm)

SD (cm)

Mean (cm)

SD (cm)

Hokkaido

12.86

7.11

− 13.30

10.38

12.61

4.24

Honshu

0.41

6.18

− 23.48

5.51

4.02

4.22

Shikoku

− 1.72

7.40

− 26.29

5.82

3.85

3.52

Kyushu

− 0.69

5.17

− 27.11

5.40

− 0.30

3.83

Whole

2.25

7.98

− 22.52

8.00

4.76

5.71

  1. Mean and SD represent the mean value and standard deviation of geoid difference, respectively. The geopotential value W0 used in EGM2008 and this study is 62,636,853.4 m2/s2 from the IAG recommendation in 2015 (Sánchez et al. 2016), and that used in JGEOID2008 is 62,636,856 m2/s2 from the IAG recommendation in 1999 (Bursa 1995)