Fig. 4

Scaling relationships and statistical properties of simulated ruptures within seismic super-cycles at the Japan Trench. a Histogram of event moment per unit length for a simulation duration of 30,000 years that includes more than 2500 events. The recurring interplate ruptures below the mantle wedge (labeled as deep events) repeat with more regularity than other events. b Normalized cumulative histogram for all events, and for a catalog that excludes the deep earthquakes showing the probability of events to exceed the moment per unit length of the absissa. The latter approximately follows a Pareto distribution (dashed line) with a power exponent \(\alpha =0.4\) for moment per unit length above \(5\times 10^7\,\)N. c Moment per unit length versus duration of simulated ruptures. The peak velocity corresponds to the maximum slip velocity reached at any point and time during a rupture. Slow earthquakes and deep aftershock follow a different scaling from the partial and full ruptures of the forearc. Linear and square-root scaling are shown for reference