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Table 1 The RMS error for the hindcasts with respect to CHAOS-6-x9 (in nT) at Earth’s surface and at 2015.0, obtained with several modelling periods, with \(L_u \in \{8,14\}\), and with only core flow (\(N=0\)) or with flow and diffusion (\(N=2\))

From: Forecasting yearly geomagnetic variation through sequential estimation of core flow and magnetic diffusion

\(L_u\)

2001.0–2010.0

2003.0–2010.0

2005.0–2010.0

2007.0–2010.0

2009.0–2010.0

\(N=0\)

\(N=2\)

\(N=0\)

\(N=2\)

\(N=0\)

\(N=2\)

\(N=0\)

\(N=2\)

\(N=0\)

\(N=2\)

8

109

81

99

78

90

75

79

67

66

62

14

107

80

97

77

97

77

78

67

65

62