Fig. 7

Comparison between observed and modeled deformations at each time period (2014–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017—2018). a-c show the observed 3D deformation field during 2014–2016 (same as Fig. 5a–c). d–l show modeled deformation fields during 2014 − 2016, estimated by a sill-like horizontal crack (d–f), spherical (g–i) and dipping prolate source (j–l). m–o show the observed 3-D deformation field during 2016–2017 (same as Fig. 5d–f). p–r show modeled deformation during 2016–2017 using the optimal crack source model. s–u show the residual between the observed and modeled deformation during 2016–2017. v and w show 2.5-D deformation field observed during 2017—2018 (same as Fig. 5g and h). x and y show modeled deformation of the same crack source as the period of 2016–2017. z and aa show residual between the observed and modeled deformation during 2017–2018. The rectangles with solid and dashed lines show the optimal crack geometry estimated during 2014–2016 and 2016–2017, respectively