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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Adjoint-based direct data assimilation of GNSS time series for optimizing frictional parameters and predicting postseismic deformation following the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake

Fig. 1

Observed displacement vectors and GNSS time series. The left panel shows the observed cumulative displacement for 15 days following the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake. Black and white stars indicate the epicenters of the mainshock and three aftershocks, which are the M 7.1 2004 Kushiro-oki earthquake and the two M 6 class earthquakes occurred within 15 days following the mainshock. The coseismic steps for the two M 6 class earthquakes have been removed. The right panels show the examples of the GNSS time series at three stations for 30 days. The time series for the first 15 days are used for assimilation, while those for the later 15 days are used for testing the prediction skill of the developed method. Red and blue circles indicate the cumulative displacement in trench-parallel (X) and trench-perpendicular (Y) directions, respectively. The black dots show the locations of the GEONET stations used in this study

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