Fig. 9From: Adjoint-based direct data assimilation of GNSS time series for optimizing frictional parameters and predicting postseismic deformation following the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquakeSpatial distributions of the optimized frictional parameters. Only frictional parameters are optimized in a, while in b, the initial values of the simulation variables and frictional parameters are simultaneously optimizedBack to article page