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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 4 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 4

From: The Kalmag model as a candidate for IGRF-13

Fig. 4

Time series between 2000.0 and 2025.0 of the radial (left) azimuthal (middle) and longitudinal (right) secular variation evaluated at the level of the following ground-based observatories: Qaanaaq (THL), Niemegk (NGK), Honolulu (HON), Kourou (KOU), Hermanus (HER) and Mawson (MAW). Blue dots correspond to annual differences of ground-based observatory measurements averaged over 0.1 years. Black lines are derived from the CHAOS-6.9 SV model of Finlay et al. (2016). The blue and yellow lines are, respectively, the IGRF-13 and the Kalmag candidate SV. The red area is the Kalmag mean secular variation ± 2 standard deviation. Red dashed lines are the mean SV ± 2 standard deviation coming from 5 year forecast simulations

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