Fig. 6

Time variation of altitudinal profiles of a zonal mean temperature around the south pole (88° latitude) and b zonal mean zonal wind velocity at 60° latitude from the GAIA simulation including JRA (WJRA), and c zonal mean temperature around the south pole and d zonal mean zonal wind velocity at 60° latitude from the WOJRA-4 (see details in the text), during an SSW event that occurred in the southern hemisphere in August–September 2019. The colors of the contour maps for each parameter are common and are shown in each column. e Time variation of neutral temperature around the south pole and 10 hPa under the WJRA (black line), WOJRA-1 (blue), WOJRA-2 (light blue), WOJRA-3 (green), and WOJRA-4 (yellow-green) settings, and f expanded plot for 13 days from August 26. The dotted line indicates the event definition for SSW temperature increase, i.e., 25 K within 7 days