Fig. 9From: Numerical forecast of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere using GAIAa Time variation of zonal mean neutral temperature at the southern pole at 10 hPa altitude from extended simulations carried out from August 26 to September 5, 2019; b maximum increase of the temperature within September 6–13, 2019, and c time variation of latitudinal distribution of zonal mean neutral temperature at 10 hPa from September 1 to 13, 2019 in each simulation run. Black line in a shows the variation under WJRA setting, and other line colors distinguish the simulation date indicated with colors of diamonds in b. The simulation date for c is labeled in the top of each plotBack to article page