Fig. 7

CSES (top) and Swarm Alpha (bottom) vector data residuals plotted in the instruments frame (FGM_S2 for CSES and VFM for Swarm Alpha), as a function of QD latitude, after subtraction of predictions of the CHAOS-6- × 8 model (including magnetospheric contributions). Red for the X component; green for the Y component; blue for the Z component. Note that these components are defined differently for the FGM_S2 and VFM instruments and may not be directly compared (component to component), contrary to the North, East, and Centre components, as shown in Fig. 6. Solid lines show the average of all orbits