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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 6 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 6

From: Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017

Fig. 6

Difference in ionization rate due to X9.3 flare that occurred in September 6, 2017. The difference in ionization rate of each ion at 0°E and 30°N due to X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017, including ionization by solar irradiance and secondary photoelectrons. The FISM flare spectrum is used for the input spectrum to GAIA. Differences in ionization rate before and after flare for a O+, b O2+, c N+, d N2+, and e total ion as a function of the wavelength of solar irradiance (unit: Log10(W m−2 nm−1)). f Differences in the altitude distribution of the ionization rate of each ion. Each solid line starts immediately after the flare (12:00 UT), and each dotted line starts before the flare (11:30 UT)

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