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Table 2 Statistics of the UT1-UTC times series. Shown are the mean formal uncertainties (\(\sigma _{\text{mean}}\)), median formal uncertainties (\(\sigma _{\text{median}}\)), the (unweighted) root-mean square agreement (RMS) w.r.t. the IERS Bulletin B series, the mean bias and the standard deviation (STD) after removing the bias

From: Observing UT1-UTC with VGOS

Series

\(\sigma _{\text{mean}}\)

\(\sigma _{\text{median}}\)

RMS

Bias

STD

All BKG INT1/INT2

14.8

14.2

32.9

\(14.3 \pm 3.4\)

29.6

All GSF INT1/INT2

15.1

13.2

28.3

\(-2.0 \pm 3.2\)

28.2

All USN INT1/INT2

14.6

12.9

28.4

\( 8.5 \pm 3.1\)

27.1

All GIS INT2

13.5

9.2

33.6

\(10.2 \pm 6.7\)

32.0

All IAA INT1/INT2

15.0

12.2

27.8

\( 5.0 \pm 3.6\)

27.3

All OSO INT1/INT2

16.5

15.4

31.0

\( 4.5 \pm 3.6\)

30.6

OSO VGOS-B

4.5

4.2

23.2

\(-3.8 \pm 7.2\)

22.9

Simultaneous OSO INT1

16.0

14.2

28.4

\(-0.8 \pm 9.0\)

28.3

Simultaneous BKG INT1

17.3

16.1

32.9

\( 8.4 \pm 10.1\)

31.8

Simultaneous GSF INT1

18.8

16.8

24.2

\(-7.6 \pm 7.3\)

23.0

Simultaneous USN INT1

14.3

14.4

27.9

\( 5.4 \pm 9.1\)

27.4

  1. All values are given in unit \(\mu \)s. The upper part of the table presents the statistics of all 3 months of INT1/INT2, i.e. December 2019 through February 2020, while the lower part focuses specifically on the eleven simultaneously observed INT1 sessions