Surface environment of Phobos and Phobos simulant UTPS

Earth, Planets and Space

Table 1 General characteristics of Phobos

Parameter	Value	References
Dimension	26.06 × 22.80 × 18.28 km	Willner et al. (2014)
Mean radius	10.993 km	Willner et al. (2014)
Mass	1.0668 ± 0.003 × 10¹⁶ kg	Andert et al. (2010)
	1.065 ± 0.015 × 10¹⁶ kg	Pätzold et al. (2014)
	1.0604 ± 0.0011 × 10¹⁶ kg	Yang et al. (2019)
Volume	5742 ± 35 km³	Willner et al. (2014)
Surface area	1567.9 km²
Mean density	1.860 ± 0.013 g/cm3	Willner et al. (2014)
Mean density	1.846 ± 0.011 g/cm³	Yang et al. (2019)
Surface gravity	0.003–0.007 m/s²	Thomas (1993)
Escape velocity	11.39 m/s
Rotation period	7 h 39 min 19.47 s	Jacobson (2010)
Semi-major axis of the orbit	9375 km (2.76 Mars radii)	Jacobson (2010)
Mean orbital velocity	2.138 km/s	Jacobson (2010)
Equatorial rotation velocity	2.97 m/s
Eccentricity	0.0151	Jacobson (2010)
Inclination	1.0847 deg to Mars’ equator	Jacobson (2010)
	1.0756 deg to local Laplace plane
	26.04 deg to the ecliptic plane
Geometric albedo	0.071	Simonelli et al. (1998)
IR emissivity	0.98
Thermal inertia	20–70 Jm⁻² K⁻¹ s^−1/2	Lunine et al. (1982), Kührt et al. (1992)
Surface slope	0–40 degree	Willner et al. (2014), Wang and Wu (2020)
Dust deposition rate	14–26 µm/year
Dust electric charge	10^–16 C/particle	Senshu et al. (2015)
Small meteorite flux	10^–16 g/cm²/s	Grün et al. (1985), Divine (1993)
Meteorite impact velocity	8.5–15 km/s	Divine (1993)
Internal thermal flux	0.0 W/m²
Surface temperature	60–330 K @N ± 60°	Kührt and Giese (1989)