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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Double-thin-shell approach to deriving total electron content from GNSS signals and implications for ionospheric dynamics near the magnetic equator

Fig. 1

Geometry of double-shell approximation of ionosphere. The azimuth (\(\gamma \)) and elevation (\(\eta \)) angles of the satellite ray path and the differential delay (\(\Delta \tau \)) between two signals are measured. The ray path crosses shells at the height \(h_{si}\) (Lo and Hi for the lower and higher shells, respectively). The point of intersection is referred to as the ionosphere pierce point (IPP). RX is the receiver

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