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Fig. 4 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 4

From: Assessing the performance of a Northeast Asia Japan-centered 3-D ionosphere specification technique during the 2015 St. Patrick’s day geomagnetic storm

Fig. 4

Ionosphere vertical structure at 5 ionosonde locations within the grid, during the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm. Top, middle and bottom panels represent IRI-2016, reconstructed, and ionosonde observations, receptively. Stations in each panel are arranged in ascending geomagnetic latitude. Tick labels on top and bottom of each panel represent day of the year (DOY) and time in UT (~  LT-9 h), respectively. Scaled on the right of each image is Dst index, represented by the solid black line. Vertical dashed lines indicate the main events of the storm. In the IRI and reconstructed images, the purple solid-asterisk line shows the time variation of the hmF2 parameter at that ionosonde location

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