Fig. 6

For obliquely propagating chorus waves, the nonlinear Lorentz force of the perpendicular wave magnetic field results in effective electron acceleration. The percent energy gained by seed electrons in a resonant interaction with a single chorus subpacket is shown following the calculations of Omura et al. (2019). a–d Give the separate results for the initial (A and C) and 2nd strong (B and D) subpackets of the chorus elements described in Fig. 2d (A and B) and 4 (C and D). Percent energy gain through the perpendicular Landau (n = 0) resonance is shown in red, through cyclotron (n = 1) resonance in blue, with the total gain shown in black