Fig. 12

Bubble volume V dependence of the peak frequency \(f_{\mathrm{p}}\) (with errors) of the airwaves. An HF wave is excited by a hemispherical cap bubble. Helmholtz resonance and the HF wave component are excited together by a bubble which bursts when it partially protrudes above the surface. \(f_{\mathrm{V}}\), \(f_{\mathrm{N}}\), and \(f_{\mathrm{H}}\) are calculated from Eqs.(9), (10), and (11) respectively, using h and \(R_{\mathrm{a}}\) values given in the legend (see text for details). A hemispherical cap bubble was assumed to calculate \(f_{\mathrm{V}}\), \(f_{\mathrm{N}}\). For a partially protruding bubble with \(l/R_{\mathrm{b}} = 1\) (Eq. (7)), \(f_{\mathrm{V}}\) becomes smaller by a factor of \(\sim 0.8\). \(\rho\) of \(\phi = 0.4\) suspension was used to calculate \(f_{\mathrm{V}}\)