Fig. 3From: Excitation of airwaves by bubble bursting in suspensions : regime transitions and implications for basaltic volcanic eruptionsSchematic diagrams showing several mechanisms of airwave excitation. a Film vibration of a bubble with a hemispherical cap and a hemispheroid below the surface. b Film vibration of a hemispherical cap bubble. c Helmholtz resonance at the neck (effective length \(l'\)) of an aperture (radius \(R_{\mathrm{a}}\))Back to article page