Fig. 8

Simulation results of the time evolution of the omnidirectional flux j as a function of the kinetic energy of relativistic electrons under the presence of coherent chorus elements with rising tone (Saito et al. 2016). The wave phase variation of chorus elements is artificially distorted by the frequency (fPB) of (a) 0.2 Hz, (b), 10 Hz, and (c) 1000 Hz, while the duration of chorus elements is assumed to be 1.25 s at the equator. These results clarified the significant effect of the phase trapping for the increase of the relativistic electron flux