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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 9 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 9

From: Wave–particle interaction effects in the Van Allen belts

Fig. 9

EMFISIS observations reveal the confinement of the signals from ground-based VLF transmitters to a magnetically confined bubble surrounding Earth. a Spectra of wave electric field intensity are plotted versus L for a perigee pass in October 2013 at a time when the plasmapause was beyond L = 4. The red curve denotes 0.5 fce. An arrow denotes the strong VLF transmitter signal near 24 kHz. b Electric field intensity (|E|^2) at the transmitter frequency increased by 10^5 over 0.5 RE as Van Allen Probe A moved inward across the outer edge of the VLF bubble (From Foster et al. 2016)

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