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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Atmospheric modes excited by the 2021 August eruption of the Fukutoku-Okanoba volcano, Izu–Bonin Arc, observed as harmonic TEC oscillations by QZSS

Fig. 1

A map a showing the boundaries of the Pacific (PA) and the Philippine Sea (PH) Plates and the coverages of the other maps. b Shows the locations of the volcano Fukutoku-Okanoba, which erupted in 2021 August, and three islands, Iwojima, Hahajima, and Chichijima, where five GEONET stations are deployed. Maps in c–f show sub-ionospheric point (SIP) tracks 5.1–6.9 UT calculated assuming a thin ionosphere at 300 km altitude for the pairs of the station 0603 and four different GNSS, GPS (c), QZSS (d), GLONASS (e), and Galileo (f). Red stars and black circles on the trajectories show time marks of the onset (5:16 UT) of the oscillation and 6:00 UT. A satellite SIP therefore moves in the direction from the red star toward the black circle

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