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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 4 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 4

From: Propagation characteristics of sporadic E and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs): statistics using HF Doppler and GPS-TEC data in Japan

Fig. 4

Geometry of the propagation parameter calculation. \({V}_{x}\) and \({\theta }_{x}\) are the propagation speed and direction, respectively. \({\theta }_{\mathrm{OA}}\) is the anti-clockwise azimuthal angle of OA from the geographic north and \({\theta }_{\mathrm{OB}}\) is that of OB. \({V}_{\mathrm{OA}}={d}_{\mathrm{OA}}/\mathrm{LAG}2,{V}_{\mathrm{OB}}={d}_{\mathrm{OB}}/\mathrm{LAG}1\), where \({d}_{\mathrm{OA}}\) is the distance from O to A, \({d}_{\mathrm{OB}}\) is the distance from O to B

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