Fig. 6
From: Nonlinear triggering process of whistler-mode emissions in a homogeneous magnetic field
PSD of the energetic electrons \(g(\Delta v_\parallel ,\zeta )\) observed at \(x=204.8\ c\Omega _e^{-1}\) (after integration over \(x=203.2\)–\(206.4\ c\Omega _e^{-1}\)) and \(t=\) t0–t4. a–e \(g(\Delta v_\parallel ,\zeta )\). f–j \(\Delta g/g_0 = (g-g_0)/g_0\), where \(g_0\) is initial values of PSD. Black dash-dotted lines indicate the separatrices of the trapped electrons and untrapped electrons with assumptions of \(S=0\) and \(\Delta v_\parallel =0\ c\) in b, c, g, h, and \(S=-0.4\) and \(\Delta v_\parallel =0.07\ c\) in e, j