Table 1 Physical properties used in the simulations

Poroelastic properties

 Shear wave speed

\({c}_{\text{s}}\)

\(3 \,\text{km}/\text{s}\)

 Shear modulus

\(\mu\)

\(30 \,\text{GPa}\)

 Biot’s stress coefficient

\(\alpha\)

\(0.47\)^*

 Undrained Poisson’s ratio

\({\nu }_{\text{u}}\)

\(0.34\)^*

 Drained Poisson’s ratio

\({\nu }_{\text{d}}\)

\(0.25\)^*

 Diffusion coefficient

\(c\)

Variable

Frictional properties

 Direct effect parameter

\(A\)

\(1 \text{MPa}\)

 Evolution effect parameter

\(B\)

\(1.5 \text{MPa} \left(\left|x\right|\le R\right)\)

\(0 \left(\left|x\right|\ge 1.1R\right)\)

Aging law

State-evolution slip distance

\({L}^{\text{ag}}\)

\(\left[0.15\uppi \left(1-{\nu }_{\text{u}}\right){\left(B-A\right)}^{2}/b\mu \right]R\)

Modified slip law

State-evolution slip distance

\({L}^{\text{sl}}\)

\(2\times {10}^{-6}R\)

Characteristic time

\({t}_{\text{c}}\)

\({L}^{\text{sl}}/(1 \,\text{m}/\text{s})\)