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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Electromagnetic conjugacy of ionospheric disturbances after the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption as seen in GNSS-TEC and SuperDARN Hokkaido pair of radars observations

Fig. 1

a–d Two-dimensional maps of detrended TEC and normalized temperature deviation from simple running average of TIR (d3) in geographical coordinates at 07:00, 08:10, 09:00, and 11:20 UT on 15 January. The d3 value is indicated by the grey scale in a range from −0.0004 to 0.0004. The red horizontal dotted line represents the magnetic equator calculated with the IGRF-13 model. The blue and purple curves indicate the sunset terminators at 105 and 300 km, respectively. The yellow dashed circles in panels (b) and (c) show that the TEC perturbations appear with a north–south wavefront structure over Japan before the arrival of air pressure disturbances associated with the volcanic eruption

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