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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 9 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 9

From: Electromagnetic conjugacy of ionospheric disturbances after the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption as seen in GNSS-TEC and SuperDARN Hokkaido pair of radars observations

Fig. 9

A schematic view of scenario of TEC and electric field perturbations in the ionosphere triggered by the Tonga volcanic eruption as seen in GNSS-TEC and SuperDARN radar observations. The red arrows perpendicular to magnetic field lines indicate the plasma flow variations driven by the eastward and westward electric fields. The pink and blue circles represent the positive and negative TEC perturbations, respectively

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