Fig. 12

Variation in the optimal values of the rheological parameters when the scale factor for PDIM is changed from 0.5 to 2.0. Red and blue lines indicate the optimal lithospheric thickness (d) and the upper mantle viscosity (\(\eta\)), respectively, and their error ranges are shown as the gray areas. The stars indicate the optimal values of \((d, \eta )\) when the scale factor is 1.0 (Fig. 7)