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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 4 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 4

From: Ionospheric signatures of repeated passages of atmospheric waves by the 2022 Jan. 15 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption detected by QZSS-TEC observations in Japan

Fig. 4

VTEC time series at 7 GNSS stations (unit: TECU), located along the great circle from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano, over 4 days (Jan. 15–18) observed using QZSS J07. Vertical plot biases of 12 TECU are given between VTEC curves to avoid overlaps of the curves. Numbers in the horizontal axis indicate t, hours from 0 UT on the first day. Vertical dashed lines indicate time windows shown in Fig. 6a–d. Inset map shows the locations of the 7 selected GNSS stations and their SIPs calculated assuming thin ionosphere as high as 300 km. The VTEC changes during the first LW passage (t = 7–18) are magnified in Additional file 1: Fig. S1a

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