Fig. 6From: Ionospheric signatures of repeated passages of atmospheric waves by the 2022 Jan. 15 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption detected by QZSS-TEC observations in JapanWavelet-transformed VTEC time series showing components with periods of ~ 30 min, using QZSS J07 (e, f) and J01–03 (a–d) data. Dashed lines indicate the expected passage times of a wave propagating with 0.3 km/s. e and f indicate the whole 4 days, while a–d show time windows around the LW passage times. Background VTEC, calculated at (35 N, 135E) using global ionospheric maps (GIM) (ftp.aiub.unibe.ch/CODE/), is shown as gray curves in e and f. Time and distance ranges of a–c are the same as those of Fig. 3a–c, but the distance range of e and f are wider than Fig. 3dBack to article page