Fig. 5
From: Effect of projectile shape and interior structure on crater size in strength regime
Results of the numerical simulations for a a closed copper tube impacting at the closed side, b a closed copper tube impacting at the open side, c an open copper tube, and d a solid aluminum sphere. The projectile collides perpendicularly at the origin of the coordinate from the top. The right half shows the contour of the maximum (peak) pressures experienced. The left half shows the contour of the upward particle velocity; the blue, purple, orange, and red lines indicate 3, 10, 30, and 100 m/s, respectively