Fig. 11

Left: mean dipole component in magnetic coordinates and evaluated at a radius \(r=6371.2\) km of the sum of all magnetospheric sources (red line) and of the induced field rescaled by the inverse \({{\mathcal {Q}}}\)-response \(\tilde{{\mathcal {Q}}}_{1,0}^{-1}\) discussed in the manuscript (black line). Components associated with time periods larger than 15 days have been filtered out. Right: real (red) and imaginary (black) parts of the \({{\mathcal {Q}}}\)-response. Full lines: Kalmag solution estimated during the [2015, 2021] time interval and averaged over \([T_i,2T_i]\) period intervals. Lines with circles: \({{\mathcal {Q}}}\)-response estimated by Olsen et al. (2005) with a 1-D model of the conductivity within the Earth’s interior. Dashes: \({{\mathcal {Q}}}\)-response associated with a simplified 1-D conductivity model of the Earth’s interior (see text)