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Fig. 9 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 9

From: Ionospheric electron density modelling using B-splines and constraint optimization

Fig. 9

Maps of the estimated key parameters \({\widetilde{\kappa }}_1 = {\widetilde{N}}_m^{F_2}(\varphi , \lambda )\) for the peak density (top left), \({\widetilde{\kappa }}_2 = {\widetilde{h}}_m^{F_2}(\varphi , \lambda )\) for the corresponding peak height (top mid) and the scale height \({\widetilde{\kappa }}_3 = {\widetilde{H}}^{F_2}(\varphi , \lambda )\) (top right) as well as their standard deviations \({\widetilde{\sigma }}(N_m^{F_2}(\varphi , \lambda ))\), \({\widetilde{\sigma }}(h_m^{F_2}(\varphi , \lambda ))\) and \({\widetilde{\sigma }}(H^{F_2}(\varphi , \lambda ))\) (bottom panels) at 17:00 UT on March 12, 2015

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