Heat flow data and thermal structure in northeastern Japan

Matsumoto, Takumi; Yamada, Ryuji; Iizuka, Satoshi

doi:10.1186/s40623-022-01704-4

Earth, Planets and Space

Table 3 Hi-net boreholes terrestrial heat flow

From: Heat flow data and thermal structure in northeastern Japan

Site code	Site code (prefecture)	Latitude (N°)	Longitude (E°)	Elv (m)	Depth (m)	Interval (m)	Thermal gradient (K km⁻¹)	Corrected gradient (K km⁻¹)	σG (K km⁻¹)	Thermal conductivity K (Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹)	σK (Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹)	Heat Flow Q (mW m⁻²)	σQ (mW m⁻²)	Bedrock depth (m)	Lithology	Age	Class	Population density	Measurement date
OOMH	AOMH01	41.5273	140.9127	13	103	80–100	80.0	85.3	4.3	(1.20)	0.24	102	21	1500	Shale/sandstone	Neogene	A	4	2000
SAIH	AOMH02	41.4049	140.8567	33	203	180–200	32.0	32.1	2.3	6.33	0.32	203	18	600	Shale	Neogene	A	2	2000
KUCH	AOMH03	41.2340	140.9896	23	103	80–100	86.0	89.1	2.1	(1.20)	0.24	107	22	1000	Pumice tuff	Neogene	A	2	2000
AOMH	AOMH04	40.8524	140.6759	13	310									2000	Sandstone	Quaternary	D	4	2000
NHJH	AOMH05	40.8564	141.1033	48	315	180–200	36.0	36.1	2.3	(1.62)	0.09	59	5	3000	Tuff	Neogene	C	3	2000
RKSH	AOMH06	40.9664	141.3738	8	103	80–100	36.0	39.5	2.5	(1.20)	0.24	47	10	3000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
FKUH	AOMH07	40.7451	140.0233	43	112	100–120	66.0	67.9	2.1	(1.62)	0.09	110	7	500	Tuff	Neogene	A	2	2000
AJSH	AOMH08	40.7618	140.3121	53	163	140–160	62.0	62.5	3.1	(1.20)	0.24	75	15	2000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
IKIH	AOMH09	40.6199	140.3499	163	165	145–165	66.0	66.1	5.0	(1.20)	0.24	79	17	2000	Tuff breccia	Quaternary	C	2	2000
KRIH	AOMH10	40.6091	140.6646	105	109	80–100	128.0	132.6	19.9	(1.20)	0.24	159	40	1000	Tuff	Neogene	B	3	2000
TWWH	AOMH11	40.5800	140.9950	243	103	80–100	82.0	83.2	3.1	1.94	0.10	162	10	2000	Andesite	Quaternary	C	1	2000
TWEH	AOMH12	40.5846	141.1547	88	103									3000	Sandstone	Neogene	D	3	2000
HHEH	AOMH13	40.5794	141.4451	13	153	130–150	36.0	36.4	6.2	(1.20)	0.24	44	11	3000	Sandstone	Quaternary	B	4	2000
NYAH	AOMH14	40.5488	140.2726	161	103	80–100	114.0	117.7	5.7	(1.62)	0.09	191	14	500	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	2	2000
OWNH	AOMH15	40.4841	140.5565	133	103	80–100	74.0	79.0	7.7	(1.62)	0.09	128	14	200	Shale	Neogene	B	4	2000
SHGH	AOMH16	40.4624	141.0923	318	153	130–150	74.0	74.1	3.8	(1.20)	0.24	89	18	2000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	1	2000
NWAH	AOMH17	40.4492	141.3374	68	117	95–115	46.0	48.8	2.1	(1.56)	0.09	76	5	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
TTKH	AOMH18	40.2962	141.0145	238	103	80–100	50.0	52.6	2.1	(1.56)	0.09	82	6	500	Sandstone	Neogene	A	1	2000
NSNH	AKTH01	39.8147	140.5790	321	103	80–100	86.0	88.5	2.1	(1.62)	0.09	143	9	1000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	1	2000
NSSH	AKTH02	39.6634	140.5721	98	103	80–100	56.0	59.5	2.5	(1.62)	0.09	96	7	1000	Tuff	Neogene	A	3	2000
YJMH	AKTH03	39.2223	140.1283	148	106	80–100	60.0	63.4	0.0	(1.20)	0.24	76	15	3000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
HNRH	AKTH04	39.1740	140.7129	283	103	80–100	54.0	56.4	2.1	(1.62)	0.09	91	6	2000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	1	2000
CHKH	AKTH05	39.0718	140.3185	278	203	180–200	58.0	58.0	3.8	3.02	0.15	175	15	100	Andesite	Paleogene	A	1	2000
OGCH	AKTH06	38.9801	140.4952	288	103	80–100	110.0	113.6	3.2	(1.62)	0.09	184	11	100	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	2	2000
KOSH	AKTH07	40.4563	140.8395	408	108	80–100	84.0	86.5	3.4	1.40	0.07	121	8	1000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	C	1	2000
FSTH	AKTH08	40.3188	140.2341	128	203	180–200	70.0	70.1	2.0	(1.56)	0.09	109	7	2000	Andesite	Neogene	A	2	2000
TSRH	AKTH09	40.2755	140.4596	48	104	80–100	64.0	67.6	2.4	(1.62)	0.09	110	7	1000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
ODTH	AKTH10	40.3002	140.5812	88	103	80–100	72.0	76.9	4.9	1.29	0.06	99	8	600	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	4	2000
OGAH	AKTH11	39.9554	139.7623	59	353	180–200	84.0	84.2	6.1	1.89	0.09	159	14	2000	Andesite	Paleogene	A	2	2000
GJOH	AKTH12	39.9155	140.2221	93	103	80–100	60.0	62.7	0.0	(1.20)	0.24	75	15	100	Mudstone	Neogene	A	1	2000
ANIH	AKTH13	39.9819	140.4072	148	103	80–100	64.0	67.3	6.4	2.69	0.13	181	19	500	Tuff	Paleogene	A	2	2000
KZNH	AKTH14	40.0622	140.8084	323	111	100–120	52.0	53.1	2.4	(1.62)	0.09	86	6	1000	Tuff	Neogene	A	1	2000
KWAH	AKTH15	39.6884	140.4075	168	103	80–100	50.0	52.7	2.1	3.42	0.17	180	12	100	Rhyolite	Neogene	A	1	2000
NSBH	AKTH16	39.5450	140.3481	28	157	130–150	82.0	82.7	3.9	(1.20)	0.24	99	20	2000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
NSEH	AKTH17	39.5575	140.6116	98	180	155–175	62.0	62.1	3.1	(1.20)	0.24	75	15	2000	Sandstone	Quaternary	A	3	2000
OMRH	AKTH18	39.3548	140.3869	68	103	80–100	74.0	77.5	2.1	(1.20)	0.24	93	19	500	Tuff	Neogene	A	2	2000
YUZH	AKTH19	39.1913	140.4710	78	183	155–175	56.0	56.1	2.3	(1.20)	0.24	67	14	1000	Sandstone	Quaternary	A	4	2000
NHEH	IWTH01	40.2383	141.3423	233	203	180–200	46.0	46.1	3.8	(1.62)	0.09	77	12	500	Conglomerate	Neogene	A	2	2000
TMYH	IWTH02	39.8250	141.3826	678	106	80–100	26.0	29.0	2.2	4.60	0.23	134	12	100	Slate	Jurassic	A	1	2000
IWZH	IWTH03	39.8020	141.6520	313	103	10–100		25.5	0.0	3.39	0.17	77	4	100	Diorite	Cretaceous	A	1	2000/2006
SMTH	IWTH04	39.1809	141.3909	623	109	80–100	20.0	22.8	0.0	2.70	0.13	61	3	100	Andesite	Cretaceous	A	1	2000
FSWH	IWTH05	38.8654	141.3512	123	103	75–95	14.0	18.6	2.7	2.85	0.14	53	8	100	Tonalite	Cretaceous	A	3	2000
NHWH	IWTH06	40.2611	141.1709	228	103	80–100	26.0	29.6	2.3	1.24	0.06	37	3	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
KRMH	IWTH07	40.2705	141.5709	263	123	100–120	14.0	15.7	2.2	(3.19)	0.15	50	8	100	Sandstone	–	A	2	2000
KJNH	IWTH08	40.2686	141.7831	178	103	70–90	10.0	14.5	2.9	2.77	0.14	40	8	100	Granodiorite	Cretaceous	A	3	2000
KJSH	IWTH09	40.0861	141.7120	243	103	80–100	10.0	13.4	2.7	2.55	0.13	34	7	100	Limestone	Cretaceous	A	2	2000
ASRH	IWTH10	40.1391	140.9529	311	103	80–100	30.0	32.6	2.2	2.44	0.12	79	7	500	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	1	2000
IHEH	IWTH11	40.0811	141.1915	632	303	180–200	32.0	32.0	2.3	1.73	0.09	55	5	1000	Tuff	Quaternary	B	1	2000
KHEH	IWTH12	40.1533	141.4245	368	103					6.65	0.33			100	Slate	Quaternary	D	2	2000
KZMH	IWTH13	39.9398	141.5492	573	120	100–120	6.0	8.6	2.9	(6.60)	0.33	57	19	100	Slate	Paleozoic era ?	A	1	2000
TROH	IWTH14	39.7435	141.9087	203	103	10–100		17.5	0.0	2.71	0.14	47	2	100	Granodiorite	Cretaceous	A	1	2000/2006
YHBH	IWTH15	39.6148	141.0929	198	125	100–120	34.0	36.7	4.1	(1.62)	0.09	59	7	1000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	3	2000
SZKH	IWTH16	39.6436	140.9465	215	153	130–150	50.0	50.8	2.0	1.24	0.06	63	4	1000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	3	2000
KANH	IWTH17	39.6442	141.5977	308	106	10–100		15.0	0.0	7.37	0.37	111	6	100	Slate	Paleozoic era ?	A	2	2000/2006
KASH	IWTH18	39.4630	141.6775	555	103	10–100		23.0	0.0	2.47	0.12	57	3	100	Hornfels	Paleozoic era ?	A	1	2000/2006
HMNH	IWTH19	39.4559	141.0001	223	104	85–105	138.0	141.7	23.1	1.34	0.07	190	32	2000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	1	2000
HMSH	IWTH20	39.3434	141.0473	109	159	135–155	74.0	74.9	5.6	(1.20)	0.24	90	19	2000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
YMDH	IWTH21	39.4734	141.9336	16	103	10–100		18.5	0.0	2.65	0.13	49	2	100	Granite	Cretaceous	A	3	2000/2006
TOUH	IWTH22	39.3340	141.3015	263	103	80–100	26.0	29.4	4.3	3.23	0.16	95	15	100	Granodiorite	Cretaceous	A	2	2000
KMIH	IWTH23	39.2741	141.8233	47	106	10–100		20.5	0.0	3.11	0.16	64	3	100	Shale	Paleogene	A	4	2000/2006
KGSH	IWTH24	39.1979	141.0118	203	153	130–150	78.0	78.7	3.9	0.97	0.05	76	5	2000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
ICWH	IWTH25	39.0092	140.8638	389	263	180–200	90.0	90.0	2.0	1.95	0.10	175	10	2000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	A	1	2000
ICEH	IWTH26	38.9690	141.0013	128	111	90–110	48.0	50.4	4.2	2.10	0.10	106	10	2000	Andesite	Neogene	A	2	2000
RZTH	IWTH27	39.0307	141.5320	83	103	85–105	14.0	17.2	2.5	2.84	0.14	49	7	100	Tuff	Carboniferous ?	A	2	2000
TDOH	YMTH01	38.3841	140.3805	116	210	180–200	202.0	202.0	15.1	(1.20)	0.20	242	52	2000	Tuff	Neogene	B	5	2000
YGTH	YMTH02	38.2693	140.2583	133	153	115–135	46.0	46.7	4.7	(1.20)	0.24	56	13	2000	Conglomerate	Neogene	B	3	2000
NYOH	YMTH03	38.1035	140.1553	281	117	95–115	34.0	36.0	4.1	2.61	0.13	94	12	100	Granite	Cretaceous	A	1	2000
KMYH	YMTH04	38.0813	140.2978	318	103	80–100	60.0	62.7	0.0	2.35	0.12	147	7	1000	Tuff	Neogene	B	1	2000
ONIH	YMTH05	37.9883	139.8017	283	110	85–105	66.0	69.1	2.1	2.30	0.11	159	9	2000	Tuff	Paleogene	A	2	2000
THTH	YMTH06	37.9633	140.1836	236	148	125–145	56.0	57.1	2.4	(1.62)	0.09	93	6	1000	Tuff	Paleogene	A	3	2000
YNZH	YMTH07	37.8960	140.0278	355	203	180–200	50.0	50.1	3.1	(1.62)	0.09	81	7	1000	Tuff breccia	Paleogene	B	3	2000
YWTH	YMTH08	38.9701	140.0333	118	109	85–105	58.0	61.1	3.2	(1.20)	0.24	73	15	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
TZWH	YMTH09	38.7498	140.1780	68	203	180–200	66.0	66.1	2.0	(1.56)	0.09	103	7	2000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
FGTH	YMTH10	38.7107	140.3744	108	207	180–200	44.0	44.1	6.1	2.15	0.11	95	14	3000	Mudstone	Neogene	B	2	2000
MGMH	YMTH11	38.7132	140.5544	256	112	90–110	144.0	147.6	3.3	(1.20)	0.24	177	36	2000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
TCKH	YMTH12	38.6357	140.0055	323	206	180–200	66.0	66.0	2.0	(1.56)	0.09	103	7	2000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	1	2000
ASAH	YMTH13	38.4704	139.7606	268	107	85–105	36.0	38.5	6.5	2.23	0.11	86	15	1000	Mudstone	Neogene	B	1	2000
NKWH	YMTH14	38.3860	139.9916	468	106	80–100	64.0	67.2	10.6	(1.20)	0.24	81	21	1000	Mudstone	Neogene	B	2	2000
NKEH	YMTH15	38.4257	140.1249	308	103	80–100	40.0	42.6	3.5	1.80	0.09	77	7	1000	Mudstone	Neogene	B	1	2000
SNDH	MYGH01	38.2400	140.9969	32	1236	900–1100	24.9	-	0.2	(3.19)	0.15	79	4	1000	Sandstone	Triassic	A	-	2008
NRKH	MYGH02	38.8587	140.6513	348	206	100–200	80.0	80.0	4.0	3.16	0.16	253	18	100	Green schist	Paleozoic era ?	C	1	2000
KKWH	MYGH03	38.9207	141.6377	53	120	10–100		23.0	0.0	3.32	0.17	76	4	100	Slate	Paleogene	B	2	2000/2006
TOWH	MYGH04	38.7860	141.3254	38	103	80–100	16.0	19.0	2.7	3.41	0.17	65	10	100	Slate	Paleogene	A	1	2000
ONDH	MYGH05	38.5793	140.7804	62	340	180–200	92.0	92.1	2.3	(1.20)	0.24	111	22	1500	Sandstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
TAJH	MYGH06	38.5907	141.0710	23	103	80–100	60.0	63.7	4.2	1.01	0.05	65	5	1500	Sandstone	Neogene	B	3	2000
KWSH	MYGH07	38.1802	140.6405	189	145	125–145	86.0	87.4	13.8	(1.20)	0.24	105	27	500	Sandstone	Neogene	B	3	2000
IWNH	MYGH08	38.1133	140.8441	13	103	80–100	52.0	60.6	2.7	0.74	0.04	45	3	2000	Conglomerate	Neogene	A	5	2000
SISH	MYGH09	38.0091	140.6027	133	103	180–200	70.0	70.0	2.0	1.49	0.07	105	6	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
YMMH	MYGH10	37.9411	140.8924	21	208	180–200	54.0	54.2	2.0	1.08	0.05	59	4	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
KAKH	MYGH11	38.5158	141.3421	8	210	20–200		22.5	0.0	3.35	0.17	75	4	100	Schist	Triassic	A	2	2001/2006
SZGH	MYGH12	38.6416	141.4428	21	106	85–105	16.0	19.4	2.8	3.11	0.16	60	9	100	Shale/sandstone	Triassic	A	2	2001
MSRH	MYGH13	38.6993	141.4176	103	103	10–100		24.5	0.0	(2.68)	0.13	66	3	100	Shale	Cretaceous	A	3	2013
RIFH	MYGH14	38.3400	140.9551	1065	1065	950–1000	30.5	-	0.5	(2.68)	0.13	82	4	500	Shale	Cretaceous	A	-	2013
NAZH	FKSH01	37.7565	139.7150	441	103	80–100	56.0	59.3	3.5	5.27	0.26	313	24	100	Granite	Cretaceous	A	1	2000
ATKH	FKSH02	37.7317	139.8821	333	103	80–100	106.0	109.8	2.1	1.88	0.09	207	11	500	Mudstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
TSTH	FKSH03	37.6078	139.7533	228	130	80–100	66.0	69.1	2.1	(1.56)	0.09	108	7	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
ATDH	FKSH04	37.4508	139.8126	281	271	180–200	24.0	24.0	2.3	(1.20)	0.24	29	6	2000	Tuff breccia	Quaternary	B	2	2000
SMGH	FKSH05	37.2544	139.8725	499	108	80–100	42.0	45.5	6.5	(1.62)	0.09	74	11	500	Tuff	Neogene	A	3	2000
INAH	FKSH06	37.1723	139.5199	575	103	80–100	56.0	59.1	8.1	2.97	0.15	176	26	2000	Tuff breccia	Neogene	B	2	2000
HMTH	FKSH07	37.0103	139.3755	977	203	125–145	60.0	61.6	0.0	2.68	0.13	165	8	100	Sandstone	Paleogene	B	1	2000
NNMH	FKSH08	37.2822	140.2144	346	108	80–100	50.0	52.3	2.1	1.88	0.09	98	6	1500	Tuff breccia	Quaternary	A	3	2000
KRYH	FKSH09	37.3530	140.4264	263	203	80–100	34.0	40.0	2.4	3.41	0.17	136	11	100	Welded tuff	Quaternary	A	5	2000
NGUH	FKSH10	37.1616	140.0930	568	204	180–200	82.0	82.1	3.8	1.52	0.08	125	9	500	Tuff breccia	Neogene	B	3	2000
YBKH	FKSH11	37.2006	140.3386	289	118	90–110	94.0	97.8	2.1	(1.62)	0.09	158	9	1000	Tuff	Neogene	A	4	2000
HTAH	FKSH12	37.2169	140.5703	473	108	85–105	20.0	23.4	0.0	2.73	0.14	64	3	100	Granodiorite	Cretaceous	A	2	2000
IWWH	FKSH13	36.9951	140.5853	583	108	75–95	18.0	21.2	2.4	(3.19)	0.15	68	8	100	Gneiss	Paleozoic era ?	B	2	2000
IWEH	FKSH14	37.0264	140.9702	6	150	125–145	30.0	31.1	2.1	2.32	0.12	72	6	3000	Sandstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
INWH	FKSH15	37.6461	140.1735	760	103	80–100	52.0	54.6	2.4	2.67	0.13	146	10	100	Tuff breccia	Neogene	B	1	2000
FKSH	FKSH16	37.7643	140.3766	138	303	180–200	68.0	68.0	4.0	1.92	0.10	130	10	500	Tuff breccia	Neogene	B	3	2000
KMAH	FKSH17	37.6636	140.5974	208	103	80–100	30.0	33.6	2.2	2.82	0.14	95	8	100	Granite	Cretaceous	A	3	2000
MRUH	FKSH18	37.4894	140.5380	413	103	80–100	24.0	27.6	2.7	2.94	0.15	81	9	100	Granite	Cretaceous	A	3	2000
MKJH	FKSH19	37.4703	140.7227	513	103	60–80	16.0	21.4	2.7	2.32	0.12	50	7	100	Granite	Cretaceous	B	2	2000
NMEH	FKSH20	37.4911	140.9871	15	112	85–105	42.0	47.2	3.4	(1.20)	0.24	57	12	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	B	4	2000
TDMH	FKSH21	37.3421	139.3147	378	203	180–200	66.0	66.1	2.0	2.73	0.14	180	11	100	Tuff	-	A	2	2000
NGOH	NIGH01	37.4272	138.8876	88	103		Not yet measured							4000	Sandstone	-
AHIH	NIGH02	38.2799	139.5486	37	108	70–90	42.0	46.6	5.1	(1.20)	0.24	56	13	1000	Sandstone	Neogene	B	2	2000
ARKH	NIGH03	38.1327	139.4289	9	224	180–200	44.0	44.0	2.3	(1.20)	0.24	53	11	3000	Sandstone	Quaternary	A	3	2000
SKWH	NIGH04	38.1313	139.5428	81	103	80–100	46.0	49.3	2.1	(1.20)	0.24	59	12	1000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	3	2000
SROH	NIGH05	37.9759	139.2788	12	150	100–150	46.2	47.6	15.0	(1.20)	0.24	57	21	4000	Sandstone	Neogene	B	4	2000
KMOH	NIGH06	37.6527	139.0676	33	103	70–90	34.0	42.9	7.7	(1.20)	0.24	52	14	4000	Sandstone	Neogene	B	5	2000
MRMH	NIGH07	37.6658	139.2610	78	110	90–110	50.0	52.3	6.3	(2.68)	0.13	140	18	100	Shale	Cretaceous	A	1	2000
TWAH	NIGH08	37.6708	139.4648	71	303	80–100	66.0	69.8	14.4	1.09	0.05	76	16	1000	Tuff	Neogene	A	3	2000
STDH	NIGH09	37.5386	139.1279	96	103	80–100	78.0	81.2	6.2	(1.62)	0.09	132	12	4000	Tuff	Neogene	A	2	2000
KMKH	NIGH10	37.5438	139.3648	221	103	50–100	46.4	46.4	4.6	(1.62)	0.09	75	9	1000	Tuff	Neogene	C	1	2000
KWNH	NIGH11	37.1728	138.7440	168	208	180–200				1.23	0.06			4000	Sandstone	Neogene	D	3	2000
YNTH	NIGH12	37.2239	138.9821	113	113	90–110	52.0	56.0	2.5	(1.20)	0.24	67	14	3000	Tuff	Quaternary	A	4	2000
MAKH	NIGH13	37.0544	138.3966	233	103	80–100	50.0	53.3	2.1	(1.62)	0.09	86	6	4000	Mudstone	Neogene	A	2	2000
SZWH	NIGH14	37.0303	138.8521	188	390	180–200	40.0	40.0	3.3	2.64	0.13	106	10	4000	Sandstone	Quaternary	B	3	2000
MUIH	NIGH15	37.0533	138.9951	361	103	80–100	24.0	26.8	2.6	2.97	0.15	80	9	100	Granite	Cretaceous	A	1	2000
IGWH	NIGH16	36.9378	137.8480	152	103	80–100	44.0	46.3	10.6	3.41	0.17	158	37	100	Gabbro	Paleogene	B	1	2000
MKGH	NIGH17	36.8569	138.0966	1308	153					1.91	0.10			1000	Andesite	-	D	1	2000
MKOH	NIGH18	36.9425	138.2594	243	113									1000	Sandstone	Quaternary	D	3	2000
YZWH	NIGH19	36.8114	138.7849	988	103	80–100	32.0	34.8	2.5	3.18	0.16	111	10	100	Granite	Neogene	A	1	2000

Temperature gradients, temperature gradient corrections, thermal conductivities, heat flow values, and their respective errors are listed for the Hi-net station data used in this study. The temperature gradients and thermal conductivities in parentheses, for which errors are not listed, are formal error-free estimates. Borehole geology is taken from the columnar map. The depth of base rock is from SDLCM (NIED 2019)

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