Fig. 5

Swarm C H sensor image (left) and TII MCS model (right): 11 December 2013 at 15:33:10 UT. Model parameters: 85% \(\textrm{O}^{+}\), 15% \(\textrm{H}^{+}\), \(T_{ix}=0.12\) eV, \(T_{iy}=0.05\) eV, \(v_{x}=7000\) m/s, \(v_{y}=350\) m/s, \(v_{z}=0\) m/s, \(\Phi _{\mathrm{S/C}}+V_{FP}=-1.47\) V. The satellite was traveling southward at a latitude of about \(-45^{\circ }\)