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Table 2 Orbit-averaged EFI TII errors (1-sigma) estimated using the EES

From: Swarm Thermal Ion Imager measurement performance

Error type

Error source / simulation conditions

\(v_{i}\) (m/s)

E (mV/m)

\(T_{i}\) (%)

N

E

C

N

E

C

Baseline

Level 1b processing

5.1

6.8

0.85

0.27

0.19

0.078

1.0

Random

Instrument and platform noise

2.5

1.3

1.1

0.043

0.081

0.023

0.27

      Particle counting noise, \(n_{\textrm{e,IRI}}/10\)

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.0056

0.0063

0.0026

0.034

      MCP pulse height noise

1.4

1.2

1.1

0.038

0.048

0.020

0.28

      CCD dark noise

0.12

0.13

0.11

0.0043

0.0043

0.0021

0.024

      Inner dome bias voltage noise

0.13

0.056

0.050

0.0019

0.0041

0.0011

0.014

      Faceplate bias noise

2.0

0.39

0.013

0.016

0.065

0.011

0.008

      Satellite potential noise

0.21

0.029

0.001

0.0012

0.0051

0.0007

0.001

      Attitude noise (\(0.003^\circ\) RMS)

0.13

0.19

0.18

0.0063

0.0054

0.0031

0.025

Attitude noise (\(0.125^\circ\) RMS)

1.0

5.6

5.8

0.18

0.11

0.096

0.000

GCR noise (with SAA)

2.4

2.0

1.9

0.031

0.048

0.033

0.75

GCR noise (without SAA)

0.31

0.26

0.22

0.0087

0.012

0.0029

0.092

Systematic

20% residual detector gain depletion

34

17

2.8

0.67

1.2

0.23

16

Electric field fine structure (16 Hz)

7.8

15

1.9

0.56

0.37

0.17

0.80

Non-\(\mathrm{O^{+}}\) ion contamination, 530 km

36

13

1.3

0.54

1.4

0.23

4.2

Non-\(\mathrm{O^{+}}\) ion contamination, 300 km

14

7.3

1.1

0.31

0.52

0.12

1.9

GCR events (with SAA)

51

7.2

5.9

0.10

0.56

0.21

17

Satellite rotation

0.94

1.3

1.1

0.046

0.039

0.021

0.26

Satellite floating potential

3.7

0.64

0.020

0.028

0.14

0.016

0.022

CCD dark noise

5.4

1.3

0.54

0.053

0.17

0.030

3.2

Simplified transfer functions

12

3.8

0.12

0.16

0.46

0.084

8.2

Total

Resolution (530 km altitude)

3.4

1.4

1.2

0.051

0.11

0.026

0.42

Accuracy (530 km)

30

28

6.3

1.0

1.2

0.36

4.6

Accuracy (300 km)

28

30

7.7

1.3

1.2

0.43

3.5

Accuracy (530 km with ion heating)

31

28

6.5

1.0

1.2

0.38

4.6