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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 3 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 3

From: Prediction of volcanic ash concentrations in ash clouds from explosive eruptions based on an atmospheric transport model and the Japanese meteorological satellite Himawari-8: a case study for the Kirishima-Shinmoedake eruption on April 4th 2018

Fig. 3

a–c Total column mass loadings estimated by OVAA (21:30, 22:30, 23:30UTC). d–f The total column mass loadings in the prediction for the \(T_c\)=0.3. The forecast lead time (FT) for d–f are 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. g–i Same as d–f, but for \(T_c\)=0.6. j–l Same as d–f, but for \(T_c\)=0.9. m–o The ash concentrations predictions in the ash clouds for \(T_c\)=0.6. The ash concentrations are calculated from tracers in an unit volume with 0.04 degrees (longitude) \(\times\) 0.033 degrees (latitude) \(\times\) 500 m (altitude). The initial time for the prediction (FT=0 h) is set to 20:30UTC (i.e., the initial conditions for JMA–ATM are made from the OVAA estimation at 20:30UTC). The color scale for a–l is shown next to c. The color scale for m–o is shown next to o. The black triangles show the location of the Shinmoedake volcano

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