Fig. 4
From: Light ion dynamics in the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere during geomagnetic storms
Statistical results based on ionosonde data for the same set of storms as was utilized for the Swarm SLIDEM analysis, and where appropriate ionosonde data were available. Panels a, b show the storm-time hmF2 evolution, panels c, d show the evolution in f0F2 and panels e, f show NmF2 calculated using Eq. (2). The plots show the median values, while the upper and lower error bars denote the 25% and 75% quantiles, respectively