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Fig. 3 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 3

From: Gravity changes associated with variations in local land-water distributions: Observations and hydrological modeling at Isawa Fan, northern Japan

Fig. 3

Observed data at Isawa Fan from 2008 to 2010. Letters on the top horizontal axis denote initials of months, and the bottom horizontal axis shows days from 1 January 2008, Japan Standard Time (JST). (a) The solid bar is the observed daily precipitation, R(t), at Mizusawa, and the gray bar is Penman’s daily evapotranspiration, E(t), estimated from observed meteorological data at Mizusawa. (b) The thin solid line, dashed line and thick solid line are cumulative precipitation, Rtot(t), cumulative evapotranspiration, Etot(t), and cumulative effective precipitation, Ptot(t), respectively. Gray bar is the observed depth of accumulated snow, S(t), at Otemachi (triangle in Fig. 1). (c) Solid line shows the average soil moisture variation, θobs(t), at 0–1 m below the ground surface observed at Mizusawa, and the gray area is the 1-σ error range of observed moisture, Δθobs(t). (d) Average water level change at Mizusawa with reference to ground surface level, h(t) − zs(t). Gray and solid lines denote water level data observed with floating-type and pressure-type water level gauges, respectively. (e) Superconducting gravity data processed with BAYTAP-G (Tamura et al., 1991). Solid and gray lines are trend component, gobs(t), and the irregular component (i.e., gravity observation noise).

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