Fig. 5.From: Giant ionospheric disturbances observed with the SuperDARN Hokkaido HF radar and GPS network after the 2011 Tohoku earthquakeTime and ground range variations of Doppler velocity (with echo power higher than 10 dB) on beam 4. Propagation velocity of each disturbance along the beam is indicated. 1-hop echoes within solid rectangles at ranges of 350–500 km reappear within dotted gray rectangles at ranges of 900–1100 km as 2-hop echoes.Back to article page