Figure 1

Comparison of Φ (state, or strength) and τ (shear stress). Between observations and simulations for various types of experiments, such as a hold under a constant shear stress (left column), reloading after the hold (middle column), steady-state sliding at different velocities, and transience between them (right column) from Figure Sixteen of Nagata et al. (2012). |T| is the acoustic transmissivity measured by the amplitude of P wave that has traveled across the interface. The simulations are based on the Nagata law.