- Article
- Open access
- Published:
Rayleigh-Taylor instability after giant impacts: Imperfect equilibration of the Hf-W system and its effect on the core formation age
Earth, Planets and Space volume 59, pages 1035–1045 (2007)
Abstract
Hf-W chronometry provides constraints on the timing of planetary accretion and differentiation, as the segregation of a metal core from silicates should induce strong fractionation of Hf from W. In most previous studies, it was assumed that a giant impact would perfectly reset the Hf-W chronometer. Here, we show the difficulty of achieving perfect equilibration of the Hf-W system. Perfect equilibration requires iron to split into small droplets. However, since the sedimentation velocities of small droplets are low, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability between the upper metal-containing and lower metal-free layers results in quick overturning of the layers, unless iron droplets were uniformly distributed in the entire mantle. Therefore, the lower metal-free layers cannot be equilibrated. We calculated the isotopic evolution of the Hf-W system, taking into account the partial resetting of this chronometer. Our study led to three conclusions: (1) collision conditions and the number of giant impact events affect the age estimation of core formation, (2) the Earth’sWisotope ratio indicates that more than two-tenths of the volume of the protoearth’s mantle must have been equilibrated at each giant impact, and (3) Mars should have experienced a late, extensive equilibration event; it could have been a single giant impact.
References
Cameron, A. G. W., The Origin of the Moon and the Single Impact Hypothesis V, Icarus, 126, 126–137, 1997.
Cameron, A. G. W., Higher-Resolution Simulations of the Giant Impact, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, edited by R. M. Canup and K. Righter, 133–144, Arizona Press, 2000.
Canup, R. M., Simulations of a Late Lunar-Forming Impact, Icarus, 168, 433–456, 2004.
Canup, R. M. and E. Asphaug, Origin of the Moon in a Giant Impact Near the End of the Earth’s Formation, Nature, 412, 708–712, 2001.
Elsasser, W. M., Early History of the Earth, in Earth Science and Meteorites, edited by J. Geiss and E. Goldberg, 1–30, North-Holland Pub. Co., 1963.
Foley, C. N., M. Wadhwa, L. E. Borg, P. E. Janney, R. Hines, and T. L. Grove, The early differentiation history of Mars from 182W-142Nd isotope systematics in the SNC meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 4557–4571, 2005.
Goodman, J., Convective Instability of Hollow Sedov-Taylor BlastWaves, ApJ, 358, 214–228, 1990.
Halliday, A. N., Mixing, Volatile Loss and Compositional Change During Impact-Driven Accretion of the Earth, Nature, 427, 505–509, 2004.
Halliday, A., M. Rehkämper, D.-C. Lee, and W. Yi, Early Evolution of the Earth and Moon: New Constraints from Hf-W Isotope Geochemistry, EPSL, 142, 75–89, 1996.
Harper, C. L., Jr. and S. B. Jacobsen, Evidence for 182Hf in the Early Solar System and Constraints on the Timescale of Terrestrial Accretion and Core Formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 1131–1153, 1996.
Harper, C. L., Jr., J. Völkening, K. G. Heumann, C.-Y. Shih, and H. Wiesmann, 182Hf-182W: New Cosmochronometric Constraints on Terrestrial Accretion, Core Formation, the Astrophysical Site of the r-Process, and the Origin of the Solar System, Lunar Planet. Sci.22. Abstract, 515, 1991.
Iga, K. and R. Kimura, Bubble Convection, Central Core of the Earth, 3, 275–298, 1993.
Jacobsen, S. B., Isotopic and Chemical Constraints on Mantle-Crust Evolution, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 1341–1350, 1988.
Jacobsen, S. B., The Hf-W Isotopic System and the Origin of the Earth and Moon, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 531–570, 2005.
Jacobsen, S. B. and C. L. Harper, Jr., Accretion and Early Differentiation History of the Earth Based on Extinct Radionuclides, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, edited by A. Basu and S. Hart, 47–74, AGU, 1996.
Kleine, T., C. Münker, K. Mezger, and H. Palme, Rapid Accretion and Early Core Formation on Asteroids and the Terrestrial Planets from Hf- W Chronometry, Nature, 418, 952–955, 2002.
Kleine, T., K. Mezger, H. Palme, and C. Münker, TheWIsotope Evolution of the Bulk Silicate Earth: Constraints on the Timing and Mechanisms of Core Formation and Accretion, EPSL, 228, 109–123, 2004a.
Kleine, T., K. Mezger, C. Münker, H. Palme, and A. Bischoff, 182Hf- 182W isotope systematics of chondrites, eucrites, and martian meteorites: Chronology of core formation and early mantle differentiation in Vesta and Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 2935–2946, 2004b.
Kleine, T., K. Mezger, H. Palme, E. Scherer, and C. Münker, Early core formation in asteroids and late accretion of chondrite parent bodies: Evidence from 182Hf-182W in CAIs, metal-rich chondrites, and iron meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 5805–5818, 2005.
Kobayashi, S., Y. Abe, and Y. Fukao, Fluid Motion Induced by Gravitational Differentiation of Immiscible Two Phases: Basic Equations and Linear Analyses, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 45, 1467–1480, 1993.
Kokubo, E. and S. Ida, Oligarchic Growth of Protoplanets, Icarus, 131, 171–178, 1998.
Kokubo, E. and S. Ida, Formation of Protoplanets from Planetesimals in the Solar Nebula, Icarus, 143, 15–27, 2000.
Kong, P., M. Ebihara, and H. Palme, Siderophile Elements in Martian Meteorites and Implications for Core Formation in Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 1865–1875, 1999.
Lee, D.-C. and A. N. Halliday, Hafnium-Tungsten Chronometry and the Timing of Terrestrial Core Formation, Nature, 378, 771–774, 1995.
Lee, D.-C. and A. N. Halliday, Hf-W Isotopic Evidence for Rapid Accretion and Differentiation in the Early Solar System, Science, 274, 1876–1879, 1996.
Lee, D.-C. and A. N. Halliday, Core Formation on Mars and Differentiated Asteroids, Nature, 388, 854–857, 1997.
Li, J. and C. B. Agee, The Effect of Pressure, Temperature, Oxygen Fugacity and Composition on Partitioning of Nickel and Cobalt between Liquid Fe-Ni-S Alloy and Liquid Silicate: Implications for the Earth’s Core Formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 1821–1832, 2001.
Müller, E., B. Fryxell, and W. D. Arnett, High Resolution Numerical Simulations of Instabilities, Mixing, and Clumping in Supernova 1987A, in Proc. of ESO/EIPC Workshop on SN1987A and Other Supernovae, edited by I. J. Danziger and K. Kjär, 99, 1991.
Newsom, H. E., K. W. W. Sims, P. D. Noll, Jr., W. L. Jaeger, S. A. Maehr, and T. B. Beserra, The depletion of tungsten in the bulk silicate earth: Constraints on core formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 1155–1169, 1996.
Nimmo, F. and C. B. Agnor, Isotopic outcomes of N-body accretion simulations: Constraints on equilibration processes during large impacts from Hf/W observations, EPSL, 243, 26–43, 2006.
Oddershede, L., P. Dimon, and J. Bohr, Self-Organized Criticality in Fragmenting, Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 3107–3110, 1993.
Righter, K., M. J. Drake, and G. Yaxley, Prediction of Siderophile Element Metal-Silicate Partition Coefficients to 20 GPa and 2800?C: the Effects of Pressure, Temperature, Oxygen Fugacity, and Silicate and Metallic Melt Compositions, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 100, 115–134, 1997.
Ringwood, A. E., Chemical Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 30, 41–104, 1966.
Rubie, D. C., H. J. Melosh, J. E. Reid, C. Liebske, and K. Righter, Mechanisms of Metal-silicate Equilibration in the Terrestrial Magma Ocean, EPSL, 205, 239–255, 2003.
Sasaki, S. and K. Nakazawa, Metal-Silicate Fractionation in the Growing Earth: Energy Source for the Terrestrial Magma Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9231–9238, 1986.
Sasaki, T. and Y. Abe, The effect of partial resetting on Hf-W system by giant impacts, in 36th ISAS Lunar and Planet. Symp. Proc., 21–24, 2003.
Schönberg, R., B. S. Kamber, K. D. Collerson, and O. Eugster, New Wisotope evidence for rapid terrestrial accretion and very early core formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 17, 3151–3160, 2002.
Stevenson, D. J., Models of the Earth’s Core, Science, 214, 611–619, 1981.
Turcotte, D. L. and G. Schubert, Geodynamics, Cambridge, 2001.
Vockenhuber, C. et al., New Half-Life Measurement of 182Hf: Improved Chronometer for the Early Solar System, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 172501–1–172501–4, 2004.
Wehterill, G. W. and G. R. Stewart, Accumulation of a Swarm of Small Planetesimals, Icarus, 77, 330–357, 1989.
Yin, Q.-Z., S. B. Jacobsen, K. Yamashita, J. Blichert-Toft, P. Télouk, and F. Albarède, A Short Timescale for Terrestrial Planet Formation from Hf-W Chronometry of Meteorites, Nature, 418, 949–952, 2002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Sasaki, T., Abe, Y. Rayleigh-Taylor instability after giant impacts: Imperfect equilibration of the Hf-W system and its effect on the core formation age. Earth Planet Sp 59, 1035–1045 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352044
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352044