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Table 4 ZWD noise characterization using different observation techniques. Given are PSD values and ASD slopes from different observing techniques for selected stations (cf. Table 3). The PSD Φ is given in cm2/day

From: Tropospheric delay determination by Kalman filtering VLBI data

Data set

Φ KF

k KF

Φ LSM

k LSM

Φ WVR

k WVR

Φ GPS

k GPS

Φ RT

k RT

Onsala, CONT11

28.0

−0.46

30.1

−0.54

24.0

−0.55

27.5

−0.46

30.9

−0.57

Tsukuba, CONT11

39.8

−0.38

53.8

−0.52

47.1

−0.51

44.2

−0.38

49.9

−0.44

Onsala, CONT14

6.0

−0.55

6.5

−0.63

8.1

−0.69

6.0

−0.54

5.7

−0.73