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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 7 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 7

From: Statistical analysis of ionospheric mid-latitude trough over the Northern Hemisphere derived from GPS total electron content data

Fig. 7

The solar activity variation in the trough depth (upper panels), background TEC (middle panels), and TEC value at the trough minimum (lower panels) under a low (1.5 ≤ Kp ≤ 2.5) geomagnetic activity condition. The left, middle, and right panels show the results for the summer, equinox, and winter seasons, respectively. The red solid lines represent the piecewise fitting results

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