Fig. 3

Closure differences in precise leveling on the Yashikino and Kiso-Onsen routes. a Closure differences in precise leveling on the Yashikino and Kiso-Onsen leveling routes. The distribution of the closing errors between adjoining benchmarks from 2006 to 2014 are plotted. Dashed lines are calculated using Eq. (2) with an assigned β-value of 0.7. b Accumulated closure differences of precise leveling on the Yashikino and Kiso-Onsen leveling routes. The dashed line is calculated from Eq. (2) with an assigned β-value of 0.7