Fig. 4

Calculated displacements for forward tests. a Displacements in HOM. Arrows show the horizontal vectors. Arrows in the offshore are scaled four times smaller. Vertical component in the onshore is indicated by color scale with contours taken at 20-cm intervals. Triangles and squares with color indicate vertical displacement at offshore stations. Slip distribution is indicated by green–red image on the offshore. Solid line with triangles shows trench. Dashed lines show PAC slab contours. b Displacement differences (LYR displacements with respect to HOM displacements). Brown and blue arrows show increase and decrease in the LYR displacement components taken along HOM displacements, respectively. Contours for onshore vertical displacements are taken at 5-cm intervals. Arrows in the offshore are scaled twice smaller. c Same as b, for SLAB displacements with respect to LYR displacements. d Surface uplifts for HOM and LYR along line ab. Difference of LYR uplifts from HOM uplifts is magnified 10 times. Shaded area indicates land area. e Same as d, for LYR and SLAB uplifts. f Displacement vectors for HOM and LYR cases on the cross section under line ab. Inverted triangle shows the location of the trench. Solid line indicates upper surface of the PAC slab. Thick solid line indicates the source region. Thick horizontal line indicates land area. g Same as f, for LYR and SLAB