Understanding and forecasting phreatic eruptions driven by magmatic degassing

Stix, John; de Moor, J. Maarten

doi:10.1186/s40623-018-0855-z

Earth, Planets and Space

Table 1 Summary of signals and changes prior to phreatic eruptions

From: Understanding and forecasting phreatic eruptions driven by magmatic degassing

Volcano and dates	Observed signal (s)	Elapsed time between first appearance of signal and eruption	Date of eruption	Eruption type	Eruption forecast?	Inferred processes	Sources of data
Nevado del Ruiz 1985	Banded tremor	7 days	11-Sep-85	1	No	Injection of magmatic gas into the hydrothermal system	Martinelli (1990)
Nevado del Ruiz 1985	Tremor	3 days	13-Nov-85	1?	No	Magmatic eruption	Voight (1990)
Aso 1994–1995	VLP events	350–400 s	Various	1	Possibly	Injection of magmatic gas into the hydrothermal system	Kaneshima et al. (1996)
Ontake 2007	Inflation + VT swarms	~ 3 months	Mid-late March 2007	1	No	Magma intrusion followed by injection of magmatic gas into the hydrothermal system	Nakamichi et al. (2009)
	VLP event	~ 2 months
	LP signals, tremor	~ 1–1.5 months
Ontake 2014	VT seismicity	~ 1 month	27-Sep-14	1	No	Injection of magmatic gas into the hydrothermal system	Terakawa et al. (2016)
	LP seismicity	~ 20 days					Kato et al. (2015)
	VLP event	25 s					Maeda et al. (2015a)
	He isotopes	Months to years					Sano et al. (2015)
Ruapehu 2007	Decrease in lake temperature	~ 7 months	25-Sep-07	1	No	Injection of magmatic gas into the hydrothermal system	Christenson et al. (2010)
	Decrease in SO₂ flux	~ 3 months
	Increase in CO₂/SO₂	~ 5 months
	Negative lunar-seismic correlation	~ 3 months					Girona et al. (2018)
Turrialba 2014	LP seismicity	~ 2 weeks	29-Oct-14	1	Possibly	Injection of magmatic gas into the hydrothermal system	de Moor et al. (2016a)
	VT seismicity						de Moor et al. (2017b)
	Increase in CO₂/SO₂
	Decrease in SO₂ flux
Poás 2014, 2017	Decrease in CO₂/ SO₂	Days	2014 (60 eruptions)	2	No	Pulses of magmatic gas into the shallow hydrothermal system	de Moor et al. (2016b)
	Increase in SO₂ flux	1–2 weeks	2017	1	Possibly	Destruction of hydrothermal seal	de Moor et al. (2017c)
	VT seismicity	~ 2 weeks
	LP seismicity	~ 2 weeks
White Island 2012	Increased spring emissions	~ 2 years	2012–2013	2	No	Increased magmatic degassing	Christenson et al. (2017)
	Increase in SO₂ flux
	Decrease in CO₂/SO₂
	Deflation
	Increased RSAM
Rincón de la Vieja 2014, 2017	Decrease in CO₂/SO₂	Months?	Sept–Oct 2014	2	No	Increased magmatic degassing	de Moor et al. (2016b)
Rincón de la Vieja 2014, 2017	Decrease in H₂S/SO₂	Weeks	Feb–March 2017	2	No	Increased magmatic degassing	Battaglia et al. (2017)

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