Improvements and validation of the IRI UP method under moderate, strong, and severe geomagnetic storms

Earth, Planets and Space

Table 4 Statistical validation of foF2 as modeled by IRI UP and IRI

Station	Ionospheric characteristic	Model	RMSE (MHz)	NRMSE (%)	ρ	MMD_X AV [MHz]
Fairford	foF2	IRI UP—linear	0.474	9.40	0.927	0.137
		IRI UP—power	0.471	9.37	0.929	0.139
		IRI UP—Gaussian	0.467	9.28	0.920	0.152
		IRI UP—spherical	0.464	9.23	0.926	0.146
		IRI UP—exponential	0.461	9.14	0.927	0.144
		IRI	0.865	16.85	0.824	0.415
		IRI UP	0.401	8.25	0.947	0.122
San Vito	foF2	IRI UP—linear	0.558	9.74	0.927	0.088
		IRI UP—power	0.555	9.69	0.927	0.090
		IRI UP—Gaussian	0.538	9.38	0.922	0.083
		IRI UP—spherical	0.539	9.39	0.927	0.088
		IRI UP—exponential	0.538	9.36	0.927	0.090
		IRI	1.075	18.37	0.797	0.374
		IRI UP	0.485	8.70	0.946	0.084

Statistical results for foF2 obtained at the two truth sites of Fairford and San Vito for: IRI, IRI UP running with a fixed variogram model (IRI UP—variogram model chosen in the table), and IRI UP embedding the NQCR procedure (italics)