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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 5 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 5

From: El Niño–Southern Oscillation effect on ionospheric tidal/SPW amplitude in 2007–2015 FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC observations

Fig. 5

Comparison of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) components of the amplitude anomalies of the TEC tidal/SPW (red curve) and zonal wind DE3 (black curve) in lower thermosphere, as well as the F10.7 index (blue curve). A band-pass filter with the cutoff period ranging from 18 to 34 months is applied to extract the QBO component from the time series. The QBO components have been normalized within ± 1 for the comparison

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