A large scale of apparent sudden movements in Japan detected by high-rate GPS after the 2011 Tohoku Mw9.0 earthquake: Physical signals or unidentified artifacts?

Earth, Planets and Space

Table 2 Effects of residual systematic errors on PPP displacements within 1 s (units: \(1.0\hbox{E}{-}3\) mm)

Residual errors	Descriptions	Effects on PPP displacements (1 s)
Residual errors	Descriptions	East	North	Up
\(\epsilon _{so}^i\)	Precise satellite orbit error	− 0.13	− 0.19	0.34
\(\epsilon _{st}^i\)	Precise satellite clock error	− 137.94	− 65.22	− 128.83
\(\epsilon _{tr}^i\)	Residual errors of tropospheric delay	− 0.41	− 0.14	− 4.91
\(\epsilon _{io}^i\)	Second-order ionospheric delay	− 4.92	2.44	8.27
\(\epsilon _{pc}^i\)	Residual satellite/receiver PCO/PCV errors	0.04	0.06	0.09
\(\epsilon _{mp}^i\)	Multipath errors	− 0.51	0.18	− 3.48