Fig. 1

Tsunami observations in the Palu Bay area. a Bathymetric (contour interval 100 m) and topographic map of Palu Bay. Field survey points shown in the map are tsunami flow depths [blue circles, Pribadi et al. (2018); purple circles, Muhari et al. (2018)] and run-up heights [black triangles, Omira et al. (2019); orange triangles, Widiyanto et al. (2019)]. Waveform comparison points are locations where the tsunami waveform was inferred from the Pantaloan tide gauge (see b) or from video footage [see c; Carvajal et al. (2019)]. Landslide candidates (LSC1 to LSC6, dashed ellipses; see text) are also shown. The left and right graphs show flow depths and run-up heights on the western and eastern coasts, respectively, and black bars indicate average run-up heights over intervals of 0.002° latitude. b The observed tsunami waveform at the Pantoloan tide gauge: left, the two-day waveform including the earthquake origin time, and right, the waveform (with tidal contributions removed) during the 30 min following the earthquake. c Video-inferred tsunami waveforms from Carvajal et al. (2019). The waveform at the Pantaloan tide gauge (gray curve from b) is shown for comparison